BUG: Ensure series/frame mode() keeps int index

doc/source/whatsnew/v1.3.0.rst

@@ -202,6 +202,7 @@ Numeric
 ^^^^^^^
 - Bug in :meth:`DataFrame.quantile`, :meth:`DataFrame.sort_values` causing incorrect subsequent indexing behavior (:issue:`38351`)
 - Bug in :meth:`DataFrame.select_dtypes` with ``include=np.number`` now retains numeric ``ExtensionDtype`` columns (:issue:`35340`)
+- Bug in :meth:`DataFrame.mode` and :meth:`Series.mode` not keeping consistent integer :class:`Index` for empty input (:issue:`33321`)
 
 Conversion
 ^^^^^^^^^^

pandas/core/algorithms.py

@@ -927,7 +927,7 @@ def mode(values, dropna: bool = True) -> Series:
     -------
     mode : Series
     """
-    from pandas import Series
+    from pandas import Index, Series
 
     values = _ensure_arraylike(values)
     original = values
@@ -954,7 +954,9 @@ def mode(values, dropna: bool = True) -> Series:
         warn(f"Unable to sort modes: {err}")
 
     result = _reconstruct_data(result, original.dtype, original)
-    return Series(result)
+    # Ensure index is type stable (should always use int index)
+    index = None if len(result) else Index([], dtype="int64")
+    return Series(result, index=index)
 
 
 def rank(

pandas/core/frame.py

@@ -9241,7 +9241,12 @@ def mode(
         def f(s):
             return s.mode(dropna=dropna)
 
-        return data.apply(f, axis=axis)
+        data = data.apply(f, axis=axis)
+        # Ensure index is type stable (should always use int index)
+        if data.empty:
+            data.index = Index([], dtype="int64")
+
+        return data
 
     def quantile(
         self,

pandas/tests/frame/methods/test_mode.py

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+from pandas import DataFrame, Index
+import pandas._testing as tm
+
+
+def test_empty_df_mode():
+    df = DataFrame([], columns=["a", "b"])
+    result = df.mode()
+    expected = DataFrame([], columns=["a", "b"], index=Index([], dtype="int64"))
+    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)

pandas/tests/test_algos.py

@@ -2253,7 +2253,7 @@ def test_int64_add_overflow():
 
 class TestMode:
     def test_no_mode(self):
-        exp = Series([], dtype=np.float64)
+        exp = Series([], dtype=np.float64, index=Index([], dtype="int64"))
         tm.assert_series_equal(algos.mode([]), exp)
 
     def test_mode_single(self):